---
title: By the time this chant was ended Hiiaka had forced the ghost up to t… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: By the time this chant was ended Hiiaka had forced the ghost up to the hips. Who acts: chant. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka Catching a Ghost, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka Catching a Ghost, sentence 66

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By the time this chant was ended Hiiaka had forced the ghost up to the hips.

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**Who acts:** chant · **What happens:** be, force up · **To what, where:** Hiiaka

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka Catching a Ghost. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (chant), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:18:66
# text = By the time this chant was ended Hiiaka had forced the ghost up to the hips.
1	By	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
4	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	chant	chant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	ended	ended	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	Hiiaka	Hiiaka	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	forced	force	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	hips	hip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | this chant |  |  |  | time | ended *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **force up** | past · perfect · passive |  | Hiiaka |  |  |  | to the hips; the ghost *obj* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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