---
title: Peculiar rocks, trees, precipices, waterfalls, birds, indeed everyth… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Peculiar rocks, trees, precipices, waterfalls, birds, indeed everything with or without life, might be given human and supernatural power and called kupuas. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka and the Seacoast Kupuas, with its dependency tree and the
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hiiaka and the Seacoast Kupuas, sentence 13

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Peculiar rocks, trees, precipices, waterfalls, birds, indeed everything with or without life, might be given human and supernatural power and called kupuas.

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**What happens:** give, call · **To what, where:** Peculiar rocks, kupuas · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hiiaka and the Seacoast Kupuas. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:19:13
# text = Peculiar rocks, trees, precipices, waterfalls, birds, indeed everything with or without life, might be given human and supernatural power and called kupuas.
1	Peculiar	peculiar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	precipices	precipice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	waterfalls	waterfall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	indeed	indeed	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	everything	everything	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	2	conj	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	without	without	ADP	IN	_	14	conj	_	_
17	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
19	might	might	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
20	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
22	human	human	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	supernatural	supernatural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	conj	_	_
25	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
28	kupuas	kupua	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	21	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | might · passive |  | Peculiar rocks  everything with life and trees and precipices and waterfalls and birds |  |  |  | human power *obj* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient power=Theme |
| 2 | **call** | past |  | kupuas |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent kupua=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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