---
title: The following prayer was offered to the au-makuas, or ghost-gods, re… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: The following prayer was offered to the au-makuas, or ghost-gods, residing in cloud-land and revealing themselves in different cloud forms: A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pili and Noho, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pili and Noho, sentence 166

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The following prayer was offered to the au-makuas, or ghost-gods, residing in cloud-land and revealing themselves in different cloud forms:

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**What happens:** follow, offer, reside, reveal · **To what, where:** following prayer, au makuas, cloud land, gods, different cloud forms

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pili and Noho. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:20:166
# text = The following prayer was offered to the au-makuas, or ghost-gods, residing in cloud-land and revealing themselves in different cloud forms:
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	following	follow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	prayer	prayer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	offered	offer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	au	au	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	makuas	makua	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
13	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	residing	reside	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	revealing	reveal	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	17	conj	_	_
24	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	23	obj	_	_
25	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
26	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
27	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	forms	form	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **offer** | past · passive |  | the following prayer |  |  |  | to the au makuas *goal*; ghost gods *obl* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP PP.goal»: subject=Theme to makua=Goal |
| 3 | **reside** | gerund |  |  |  | cloud land |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in land=Location |
| 4 | **reveal** | gerund |  | gods *= god* |  | different cloud forms |  |  | vn confess-37.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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