---
title: In the morning Keoua and his companions were afraid to proceed and s… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: In the morning Keoua and his companions were afraid to proceed and spent the day in trying to appease the goddess of the volcano, whom they supposed they had offended the day before by rolling stones into the crater. Who acts: Keoua, companions. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mytholog
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army, sentence 34

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In the morning Keoua and his companions were afraid to proceed and spent the day in trying to appease the goddess of the volcano, whom they supposed they had offended the day before by rolling stones into the crater.

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**Who acts:** Keoua, companions · **What happens:** be, proceed, spend, try, appease, suppose · **To what, where:** goddess, companions, stones, crater · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Keoua, companions), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:21:34
# text = In the morning Keoua and his companions were afraid to proceed and spent the day in trying to appease the goddess of the volcano, whom they supposed they had offended the day before by rolling stones into the crater.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	Keoua	Keoua	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	companions	companion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	proceed	proceed	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
17	trying	try	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	advcl	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	appease	appease	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	goddess	goddess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
26	whom	whom	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	28	obj	_	_
27	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
28	supposed	suppose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
29	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	offended	offend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	28	ccomp	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl:unmarked	_	_
34	before	before	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
35	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	36	mark	_	_
36	rolling	roll	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	31	advcl	_	_
37	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	obj	_	_
38	into	into	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
39	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
40	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Keoua and Keoua's companions |  |  |  | morning | afraid *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **proceed** | to-infinitive | Keoua and Keoua's companions *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **spend** | past | Keoua and Keoua's companions *not said here* |  |  |  | day |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **try** | gerund | Keoua and Keoua's companions *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 5 | **appease** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Keoua and Keoua's companions *not said here* | the goddess of the volcano |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus goddess=Experiencer |
| 6 | **suppose** | past | companions *= companion* | the goddess of the volcano |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent whom=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 7 | **offend** | past · perfect · passive |  | companions *= companion* |  |  | day | before *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Experiencer |
| 8 | **roll** | gerund |  | stones |  | the crater |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent stone=Theme into crater=Trajectory |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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