---
title: ‘The rear body, which was nearest the volcano at the time of the eru… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: ‘The rear body, which was nearest the volcano at the time of the eruption, seemed to suffer the least injury, and after the earthquake and shower of sand had passed over, hastened forward to escape the dangers which threatened them, and rejoicing in mutual congratulations that they had been preserve
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army, sentence 45

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‘The rear body, which was nearest the volcano at the time of the eruption, seemed to suffer the least injury, and after the earthquake and shower of sand had passed over, hastened forward to escape the dangers which threatened them, and rejoicing in mutual congratulations that they had been preserved in the midst of such imminent peril.

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**Who acts:** rear body, dangers · **What happens:** be, seem, suffer, pass over, hasten, escape · **To what, where:** least injury, dangers, mutual congratulations, midst

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, The Annihilation of Keoua’s Army. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (rear body, dangers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:21:45
# text = ‘The rear body, which was nearest the volcano at the time of the eruption, seemed to suffer the least injury, and after the earthquake and shower of sand had passed over, hastened forward to escape the dangers which threatened them, and rejoicing in mutual congratulations that they had been preserved in the midst of such imminent peril.
1	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	rear	rear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
8	nearest	nearest	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	eruption	eruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
18	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	suffer	suffer	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	least	least	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	23	amod	_	_
23	injury	injury	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
26	after	after	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	earthquake	earthquake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	shower	shower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	_
33	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
34	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
35	over	over	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	37	punct	_	_
37	hastened	hasten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	34	conj	_	_
38	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	37	advmod	_	_
39	to	to	PART	TO	_	40	mark	_	_
40	escape	escape	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	37	advcl	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	dangers	danger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	40	obj	_	_
43	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	44	nsubj	_	_
44	threatened	threaten	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	42	acl:relcl	_	_
45	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	44	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	48	punct	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	48	cc	_	_
48	rejoicing	rejoice	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	advcl	_	_
49	in	in	ADP	IN	_	51	case	_	_
50	mutual	mutual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	amod	_	_
51	congratulations	congratulation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	48	obl	_	_
52	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	56	nsubj:pass	_	_
53	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	56	nsubj:pass	_	_
54	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	56	aux	_	_
55	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	56	aux:pass	_	_
56	preserved	preserve	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	51	acl:relcl	_	_
57	in	in	ADP	IN	_	59	case	_	_
58	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	59	det	_	_
59	midst	midst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	obl	_	_
60	of	of	ADP	IN	_	63	case	_	_
61	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	amod	_	_
62	imminent	imminent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	63	amod	_	_
63	peril	peril	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	59	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
64	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	18	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the rear body |  |  |  | time | nearest the volcano | tree rules |
| 2 | **seem** | past | the rear body |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 3 | **suffer** | to-infinitive | the rear body *not said here* | the least injury |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer injury=Stimulus |
| 4 | **pass over** | past · perfect | the rear body *not said here* |  |  |  | after the earthquake and shower of sand | over *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **hasten** | participle | the rear body *not said here* |  |  |  |  | forward *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 6 | **escape** | to-infinitive | the rear body *not said here* | the dangers |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme danger=Initial\_Location |
| 7 | **threaten** | past | the dangers | dangers *= danger* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus they=Experiencer |
| 8 | **rejoice** | gerund | the rear body *not said here* |  |  | mutual congratulations |  |  | vn marvel-31.3 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 9 | **preserve** | past · perfect · passive |  | mutual congratulations |  | the midst of such imminent peril |  | dangers *= danger* *nsubj:pass* | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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