---
title: Toward the close of the day they crossed steaming cracks and chasms… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Toward the close of the day they crossed steaming cracks and chasms and drew nearer to the foul-smelling, gaseous clouds of smoke which blew toward them from the great crater. Who acts: road, smoke. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Kapiolani and Pele, wi
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Kapiolani and Pele, sentence 48

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Toward the close of the day they crossed steaming cracks and chasms and drew nearer to the foul-smelling, gaseous clouds of smoke which blew toward them from the great crater.

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**Who acts:** road, smoke · **What happens:** cross, steam, draw, blow, cloud · **To what, where:** cracks, foul smelling, smoke

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Kapiolani and Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (road, smoke), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:23:48
# text = Toward the close of the day they crossed steaming cracks and chasms and drew nearer to the foul-smelling, gaseous clouds of smoke which blew toward them from the great crater.
1	Toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	close	close	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	steaming	steam	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	chasms	chasm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	drew	draw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
15	nearer	near	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	xcomp	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
18	foul	foul	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	smelling	smelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	gaseous	gaseous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
27	blew	blow	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
28	toward	toward	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	obl	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
32	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past | road |  |  |  |  | toward the close of the day | tree rules |
| 2 | **steam** | gerund | road *not said here* | cracks and chasms |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent crack=Patient |
| 3 | **draw** | past | road *not said here* |  |  | the foul smelling |  | near *property* | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent to smelling=Destination |
| 4 | **blow** | past | smoke |  |  |  |  | toward road; from the great crater | vn split-23.2 «NP V PP.co-patient»: agent=Patient from crater=Co-Patient |
| 5 | **cloud** |  |  | smoke |  |  |  |  | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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