---
title: The great crater at that time had a black ledge or shelf, below whic… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: The great crater at that time had a black ledge or shelf, below which the active lakes and fountains of fire, in many places, broke through and kept turbulent a continually changing mass over five miles in circumference. Who acts: great crater, active lakes. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcan
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Kapiolani and Pele, sentence 77

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The great crater at that time had a black ledge or shelf, below which the active lakes and fountains of fire, in many places, broke through and kept turbulent a continually changing mass over five miles in circumference.

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**Who acts:** great crater, active lakes · **What happens:** have, break through, keep, change · **To what, where:** black ledge

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Kapiolani and Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (great crater, active lakes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:23:77
# text = The great crater at that time had a black ledge or shelf, below which the active lakes and fountains of fire, in many places, broke through and kept turbulent a continually changing mass over five miles in circumference.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
14	below	below	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	28	obl	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	nsubj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	fountains	fountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
24	in	in	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
28	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
29	through	through	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	conj	_	_
32	turbulent	turbulent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	xcomp	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
34	continually	continually	ADV	RB	_	35	advmod	_	_
35	changing	change	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	amod	_	_
36	mass	mass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	appos	_	_
37	over	over	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	five	five	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	39	nummod	_	_
39	miles	mile	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	36	nmod	_	_
40	in	in	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	circumference	circumference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the great crater at that time | a black ledge or shelf |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ledge=Patient |
| 2 | **break through** | past | the active lakes and fountains of fire and many places |  |  |  |  | which *obl*; through *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme below which=Location |
| 3 | **keep** | past | the active lakes and fountains of fire and many places *not said here* |  |  |  |  | turbulent *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **change** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | continually *property* | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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