---
title: They are called rivers of lava, but a lava river, unlike a stream of… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: They are called rivers of lava, but a lava river, unlike a stream of water, flows underneath a continually cooling and hardening crumpled surface, pushing its way from under and at last leaving long tunnels. Who acts: lava river. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Wes
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hawaiian Volcanoes, sentence 41

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They are called rivers of lava, but a lava river, unlike a stream of water, flows underneath a continually cooling and hardening crumpled surface, pushing its way from under and at last leaving long tunnels.

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**Who acts:** lava river · **What happens:** call, flow, crumple, push, leave · **To what, where:** feet, cooling, way, last leaving long tunnels · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hawaiian Volcanoes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lava river), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:26:41
# text = They are called rivers of lava, but a lava river, unlike a stream of water, flows underneath a continually cooling and hardening crumpled surface, pushing its way from under and at last leaving long tunnels.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	xcomp	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	unlike	unlike	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
19	flows	flow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
20	underneath	underneath	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	continually	continually	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	cooling	cooling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	hardening	hardening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	_
26	crumpled	crumple	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	amod	_	_
27	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	pushing	push	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	19	advcl	_	_
30	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	31	nmod:poss	_	_
31	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obj	_	_
32	from	from	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
33	under	under	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
35	at	at	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
37	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	39	amod	_	_
38	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	tunnels	tunnel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present · passive |  | feet *= foot* |  |  |  | rivers of lava *xcomp* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **flow** | present | a lava river and a stream of water |  |  | a cooling  crumpled surface and hardening |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme underneath cooling=Location |
| 3 | **crumple** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **push** | gerund | a lava river and a stream of water *not said here* | lava's way |  | last leaving long tunnels |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent way=Theme from tunnel=Trajectory |
| 5 | **leave** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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