---
title: An a-a flow is lava changed into bristling, ragged rocks, with innum… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: An a-a flow is lava changed into bristling, ragged rocks, with innumerable fine sharp edges cutting like fragments of broken glass. Who acts: flow, innumerable fine sharp edges. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hawaiian Volcanoes, with its dependency tre
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Hawaiian Volcanoes, sentence 53

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An a-a flow is lava changed into bristling, ragged rocks, with innumerable fine sharp edges cutting like fragments of broken glass.

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**Who acts:** flow, innumerable fine sharp edges · **What happens:** be, change, bristle, cut, break · **To what, where:** lava, ragged rocks

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Hawaiian Volcanoes. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (flow, innumerable fine sharp edges), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:26:53
# text = An a-a flow is lava changed into bristling, ragged rocks, with innumerable fine sharp edges cutting like fragments of broken glass.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	flow	flow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	into	into	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	bristling	bristle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	ragged	ragged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
16	innumerable	innumerable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
17	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
18	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	edges	edge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	_
20	cutting	cut	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	like	like	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	fragments	fragment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	amod	_	_
25	glass	glass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a flow | lava |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **change** | participle |  | lava *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **bristle** | gerund |  | ragged rocks and innumerable fine sharp edges |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location rock=Theme |
| 4 | **cut** | gerund | innumerable fine sharp edges *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like fragments of broken glass | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **break** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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