---
title: After the hard shaking had ceased we went right over to a hill with… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: After the hard shaking had ceased we went right over to a hill with the children and our natives expecting every moment to be swallowed up by the lava from beneath, for it sounded as if it were surging and washing under our feet all the time. Who acts: we, natives, lava, it. A sentence of «Hawaiian 
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 44

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After the hard shaking had ceased we went right over to a hill with the children and our natives expecting every moment to be swallowed up by the lava from beneath, for it sounded as if it were surging and washing under our feet all the time.

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**Who acts:** we, natives, lava, it · **What happens:** cease, go, expect, swallow up, sound, surge · **To what, where:** hard shaking, hill, feet

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, natives, lava, it), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:27:44
# text = After the hard shaking had ceased we went right over to a hill with the children and our natives expecting every moment to be swallowed up by the lava from beneath, for it sounded as if it were surging and washing under our feet all the time.
1	After	after	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	shaking	shaking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	ceased	cease	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	right	right	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	over	over	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
20	expecting	expect	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	22	det	_	_
22	moment	moment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
24	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	22	acl	_	_
26	up	up	ADP	RP	_	25	compound:prt	_	_
27	by	by	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	_
30	from	from	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	beneath	beneath	ADV	RB	_	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
33	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	35	mark	_	_
34	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
35	sounded	sound	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
36	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	40	mark	_	_
37	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	40	mark	_	_
38	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	40	nsubj	_	_
39	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	40	aux	_	_
40	surging	surge	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	35	advcl	_	_
41	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
42	washing	wash	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	40	conj	_	_
43	under	under	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	45	nmod:poss	_	_
45	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	42	obl	_	_
46	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	48	det:predet	_	_
47	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	48	det	_	_
48	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cease** | past · perfect · passive |  | the hard shaking |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: subject=Eventuality |
| 2 | **go** | past | we |  |  | a hill with the children and our natives |  | over *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to hill=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **expect** | gerund | our natives *not said here* |  |  |  | moment |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **swallow up** | to-infinitive · passive | the lava |  |  |  |  |  | vn hiccup-40.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 5 | **sound** | past | it |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 6 | **surge** | past · progressive | lava |  |  |  | time |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **wash** | gerund | lava *not said here* |  |  | our feet |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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