---
title: During these months of 1874–1875 there were magnificent exhibitions… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: During these months of 1874–1875 there were magnificent exhibitions of clouds reflecting volcanic fires caused by the upburst of lava fountains. Who acts: magnificent exhibitions, clouds. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity, with its depen
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Volcanic Activity, sentence 59

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During these months of 1874–1875 there were magnificent exhibitions of clouds reflecting volcanic fires caused by the upburst of lava fountains.

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**Who acts:** magnificent exhibitions, clouds · **What happens:** be, reflect, cause, exhibit · **To what, where:** volcanic fires, clouds

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Volcanic Activity. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (magnificent exhibitions, clouds), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:27:59
# text = During these months of 1874–1875 there were magnificent exhibitions of clouds reflecting volcanic fires caused by the upburst of lava fountains.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	months	month	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	1874	1874	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	–	–	SYM	SYM	ExtPos=ADP	7	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	1875	1875	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nmod	_	_
8	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	9	expl	_	_
9	were	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	magnificent	magnificent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	exhibitions	exhibition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	reflecting	reflect	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	_
15	volcanic	volcanic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	acl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	upburst	upburst	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	fountains	fountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | magnificent exhibitions of clouds |  |  | there | month |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **reflect** | gerund | clouds *not said here* | volcanic fires |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cause** | participle |  | volcanic fires *not said here* |  |  |  | by the upburst of lava fountains | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 4 | **exhibit** |  |  | clouds |  |  |  |  | nom exhibition «act transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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