---
title: From them we learned that it had been burning from time immemorial,… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: From them we learned that it had been burning from time immemorial, or to use their own words ‘mai ka po mai’ (from chaos until now) and had inundated some part of the country during the reign of every king that had governed Hawaii. Who acts: we, account, natives. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of 
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 15

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From them we learned that it had been burning from time immemorial, or to use their own words ‘mai ka po mai’ (from chaos until now) and had inundated some part of the country during the reign of every king that had governed Hawaii.

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**Who acts:** we, account, natives · **What happens:** learn, burn, use, inundate, govern, word · **To what, where:** own words, part, king · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (we, account, natives), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:28:15
# text = From them we learned that it had been burning from time immemorial, or to use their own words ‘mai ka po mai’ (from chaos until now) and had inundated some part of the country during the reign of every king that had governed Hawaii.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	aux	_	_
9	burning	burn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	ccomp	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
12	immemorial	immemorial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
20	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	mai	mai	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	16	obj	_	_
22	ka	ka	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	21	flat:foreign	_	_
23	po	po	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	21	flat:foreign	_	_
24	mai	mai	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	21	dep	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
26	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	chaos	chaos	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	parataxis	_	_
29	until	until	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	34	aux	_	_
34	inundated	inundate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
35	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	36	det	_	_
36	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obj	_	_
37	of	of	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	36	nmod	_	_
40	during	during	ADP	IN	_	42	case	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	reign	reign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	obl	_	_
43	of	of	ADP	IN	_	45	case	_	_
44	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	45	det	_	_
45	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	42	nmod	_	_
46	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	48	nsubj:pass	_	_
47	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	48	aux	_	_
48	governed	govern	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	45	acl	_	_
49	Hawaii	Hawaii	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	48	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | we |  |  |  |  | from natives *= native* | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.source wh-S\_INF»: agent=Agent from they=Source clause=Topic |
| 2 | **burn** | past · perfect · progressive | account |  |  |  | time | immemorial *property* | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **use** | to-infinitive |  | natives's own words |  |  |  | chaos *parataxis* | tree rules |
| 4 | **inundate** | past · perfect | we *not said here* | some part of the country |  |  | during the reign of every king |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme part=Destination |
| 5 | **govern** | past · perfect · passive |  | every king |  |  |  | Hawaii *obj* | tree rules |
| 6 | **word** |  | natives *= native* |  |  |  |  |  | nom word «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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