---
title: In earlier ages it used to boil up, overflow its banks, and inundate… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: In earlier ages it used to boil up, overflow its banks, and inundate the adjacent country; but for many kings’ reigns past it had kept below the level of the surrounding plain, continually extending its surface and increasing its depth, and occasionally throwing up with violent explosions huge rocks
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 16

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In earlier ages it used to boil up, overflow its banks, and inundate the adjacent country; but for many kings’ reigns past it had kept below the level of the surrounding plain, continually extending its surface and increasing its depth, and occasionally throwing up with violent explosions huge rocks and red hot stones.

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**Who acts:** account · **What happens:** use, boil up, overflow, inundate, keep, surround · **To what, where:** earlier ages, banks, adjacent country, reigns, level, surface

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (account), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:28:16
# text = In earlier ages it used to boil up, overflow its banks, and inundate the adjacent country; but for many kings’ reigns past it had kept below the level of the surrounding plain, continually extending its surface and increasing its depth, and occasionally throwing up with violent explosions huge rocks and red hot stones.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	earlier	early	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	boil	boil	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	overflow	overflow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	inundate	inundate	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	adjacent	adjacent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
20	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
21	for	for	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
22	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	’	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	reigns	reign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	past	past	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nmod	_	_
28	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
30	below	below	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
35	surrounding	surround	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	amod	_	_
36	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
38	continually	continually	ADV	RB	_	39	advmod	_	_
39	extending	extend	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	36	appos	_	_
40	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	41	nmod:poss	_	_
41	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	obj	_	_
42	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	43	cc	_	_
43	increasing	increase	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	39	conj	_	_
44	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	45	nmod:poss	_	_
45	depth	depth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	43	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
46	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	49	punct	_	_
47	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	49	cc	_	_
48	occasionally	occasionally	ADV	RB	_	49	advmod	_	_
49	throwing	throw	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
50	up	up	ADP	RP	_	49	compound:prt	_	_
51	with	with	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
52	violent	violent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	53	amod	_	_
53	explosions	explosion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	49	obl	_	_
54	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	55	amod	_	_
55	rocks	rock	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	53	conj	_	_
56	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	59	cc	_	_
57	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	amod	_	_
58	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	59	amod	_	_
59	stones	stone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	55	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
60	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | account |  |  |  | in earlier ages |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **boil up** | to-infinitive | account *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **overflow** | infinitive | account *not said here* | account's banks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **inundate** | infinitive | account *not said here* | the adjacent country |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme country=Destination |
| 5 | **keep** | past · perfect · passive |  | many kings's reigns past account |  | the level of the surrounding plain |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: subject=Theme below level=Location |
| 6 | **surround** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **extend** | gerund |  | account's surface |  |  |  | continually *property* | vn body\_motion-49.2-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent surface=Theme |
| 8 | **increase** | gerund |  | account's depth |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer depth=Patient |
| 9 | **throw up** | gerund | account *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with violent explosions and huge rocks and red hot stones; occasionally *property* | vn breathe-40.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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