---
title: When the crater was “boiling up, overflowing its banks, and inundati… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: When the crater was “boiling up, overflowing its banks, and inundating the adjacent territory,” as the natives said, it poured out lava which became solid rock. Who acts: crater, natives, lava. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater, 
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 21

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When the crater was “boiling up, overflowing its banks, and inundating the adjacent territory,” as the natives said, it poured out lava which became solid rock.

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**Who acts:** crater, natives, lava · **What happens:** boil up, overflow, inundate, say, pour out, become · **To what, where:** banks, adjacent territory, lava, solid rock · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (crater, natives, lava), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:28:21
# text = When the crater was “boiling up, overflowing its banks, and inundating the adjacent territory,” as the natives said, it poured out lava which became solid rock.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
5	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	boiling	boil	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	23	advcl	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	overflowing	overflow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
10	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	inundating	inundate	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	adjacent	adjacent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	territory	territory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
20	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	natives	native	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
23	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
26	poured	pour	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	ccomp	_	_
27	out	out	ADP	RP	_	26	compound:prt	_	_
28	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	_
29	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	30	nsubj	_	_
30	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	acl:relcl	_	_
31	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	23	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **boil up** *in a quote* | past · progressive | the crater |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **overflow** *in a quote* | gerund | the crater *not said here* | crater's banks |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **inundate** *in a quote* | gerund | the crater *not said here* | the adjacent territory |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme territory=Destination |
| 4 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the natives |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **pour out** | past | crater | lava |  |  |  |  | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lava=Patient |
| 6 | **become** | past | lava | solid rock |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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