---
title: Around the entire rim was a black ledge or balcony against which fou… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Around the entire rim was a black ledge or balcony against which fountains of lava hurled their repeated drops, falling on the black ledge. Who acts: fountains. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater, with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 29

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Around the entire rim was a black ledge or balcony against which fountains of lava hurled their repeated drops, falling on the black ledge.

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**Who acts:** fountains · **What happens:** be, hurl, repeat, fall · **To what, where:** black ledge, entire rim, repeated drops

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (fountains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:28:29
# text = Around the entire rim was a black ledge or balcony against which fountains of lava hurled their repeated drops, falling on the black ledge.
1	Around	around	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	entire	entire	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	rim	rim	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	balcony	balcony	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	against	against	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	obl	_	_
13	fountains	fountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	hurled	hurl	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
17	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
18	repeated	repeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	drops	drop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
22	on	on	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | a black ledge or balcony |  | the entire rim |  | balcony *conj* | tree rules |
| 2 | **hurl** | past | fountains of lava | fountains's repeated drops |  | a black ledge or balcony |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent drop=Theme against which=Destination |
| 3 | **repeat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 4 | **fall** | gerund | fountains of lava *not said here* |  |  | the black ledge |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme on ledge=Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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