---
title: The brief mention of shifting fires, flowing rivers, raging lakes, d… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: The brief mention of shifting fires, flowing rivers, raging lakes, deep pits, falling walls, and frozen uneven lava surfaces must suffice to make evident the stupendous forces of nature which have terrified the Hawaiians for centuries and have made them build up legends in and around these terrors a
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Changes in Kilauea Crater, sentence 36

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The brief mention of shifting fires, flowing rivers, raging lakes, deep pits, falling walls, and frozen uneven lava surfaces must suffice to make evident the stupendous forces of nature which have terrified the Hawaiians for centuries and have made them build up legends in and around these terrors and have created the demand for a special fire-goddess to take rank with the other gods worshipped.

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**Who acts:** frozen uneven lava surfaces, Hawaiians, rivers, other gods · **What happens:** flow, rage, fall, suffice, make, terrify · **To what, where:** rivers, lakes, walls, evident, stupendous forces, legends

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Changes in Kilauea Crater. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (frozen uneven lava surfaces, Hawaiians, rivers, other gods), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:28:36
# text = The brief mention of shifting fires, flowing rivers, raging lakes, deep pits, falling walls, and frozen uneven lava surfaces must suffice to make evident the stupendous forces of nature which have terrified the Hawaiians for centuries and have made them build up legends in and around these terrors and have created the demand for a special fire-goddess to take rank with the other gods worshipped.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	brief	brief	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	mention	mention	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	shifting	shifting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	flowing	flow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	parataxis	_	_
9	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	raging	rage	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	conj	_	_
12	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	pits	pit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
18	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
21	frozen	frozen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
22	uneven	uneven	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
23	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	surfaces	surface	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	nsubj	_	_
25	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	suffice	suffice	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	_
27	to	to	PART	TO	_	28	mark	_	_
28	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	26	xcomp	_	_
29	evident	evident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
31	stupendous	stupendous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	forces	force	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	obj	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	nature	nature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	_
35	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	37	nsubj:pass	_	_
36	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	terrified	terrify	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	32	parataxis	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
39	Hawaiians	Hawaiian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	37	obl:agent	_	_
40	for	for	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
41	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	obl	_	_
42	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
43	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	aux	_	_
44	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	37	conj	_	_
45	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	44	obj	_	_
46	build	build	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	44	xcomp	_	_
47	up	up	ADP	RP	_	46	compound:prt	_	_
48	legends	legend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	46	obj	_	_
49	in	in	ADV	RB	_	46	advmod	_	_
50	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	53	cc	_	_
51	around	around	ADP	IN	_	53	case	_	_
52	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	53	det	_	_
53	terrors	terror	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	49	conj	_	_
54	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	56	cc	_	_
55	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	56	aux	_	_
56	created	create	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	37	conj	_	_
57	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	58	det	_	_
58	demand	demand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	obj	_	_
59	for	for	ADP	IN	_	64	case	_	_
60	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	64	det	_	_
61	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	64	amod	_	_
62	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	64	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
63	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	62	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
64	goddess	goddess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	obl	_	_
65	to	to	PART	TO	_	66	mark	_	_
66	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	56	advcl	_	_
67	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	66	obj	_	_
68	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	72	mark	_	_
69	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	71	det	_	_
70	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	71	amod	_	_
71	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	72	nsubj	_	_
72	worshipped	worshipp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	66	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
73	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flow** | gerund |  | rivers |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location river=Theme |
| 2 | **rage** | gerund |  | lakes and deep pits |  |  |  |  | vn entity\_specific\_modes\_being-47.2 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location lake=Theme |
| 3 | **fall** | gerund |  | walls |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Patient wall=Result |
| 4 | **suffice** | must | frozen uneven lava surfaces |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **make** | to-infinitive | frozen uneven lava surfaces *not said here* | evident |  |  |  | the stupendous forces of nature *obj* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset evident=Beneficiary force=Product |
| 6 | **terrify** | present · perfect · passive | the Hawaiians | the stupendous forces of nature |  |  | century |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
| 7 | **make** | present · perfect | the Hawaiians *not said here* | rivers *= river* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **build up** | infinitive | rivers *= river* *not said here* | legends |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer legend=Patient |
| 9 | **create** | present · perfect | the Hawaiians *not said here* | the demand |  |  |  | for a special fire goddess | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent demand=Result for goddess=Beneficiary |
| 10 | **take** | to-infinitive | the Hawaiians *not said here* | rank |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rank=Theme |
| 11 | **worshipp** | past | the other gods |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 13 | **mention** |  |  | shifting fires |  |  |  |  | nom mention «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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