---
title: This is the rock of the uppermost layer of the cliff which here bord… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: This is the rock of the uppermost layer of the cliff which here borders the greater crater of Kilauea. Who acts: This. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Foundation of the Observatory, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Foundation of the Observatory, sentence 87

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This is the rock of the uppermost layer of the cliff which here borders the greater crater of Kilauea.

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**Who acts:** This · **What happens:** be · **To what, where:** rock

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Foundation of the Observatory. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (This), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:29:87
# text = This is the rock of the uppermost layer of the cliff which here borders the greater crater of Kilauea.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	uppermost	uppermost	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
14	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	amod	_	_
17	crater	crater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Kilauea	Kilauea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | This | the rock |  |  |  | of the uppermost layer of the cliff | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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