---
title: Hence it abounds in synonyms which are such only in appearance, i.e.… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Hence it abounds in synonyms which are such only in appearance, i.e., “to be broken” as a stick is ‘haki,’ as a string is ‘moku,’ as a dish ‘naha,’ as a wall ‘hina.’ Who acts: stick. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language, with its dependen
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Polynesian Language, sentence 16

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Hence it abounds in synonyms which are such only in appearance, i.e., “to be broken” as a stick is ‘haki,’ as a string is ‘moku,’ as a dish ‘naha,’ as a wall ‘hina.’

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**Who acts:** stick · **What happens:** abound, be, break · **To what, where:** such appearance

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (stick), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:31:16
# text = Hence it abounds in synonyms which are such only in appearance, i.e., “to be broken” as a stick is ‘haki,’ as a string is ‘moku,’ as a dish ‘naha,’ as a wall ‘hina.’
1	Hence	hence	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	abounds	abound	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	synonyms	synonym	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
9	only	only	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	appearance	appearance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	i.e.	i.e.	ADV	FW	_	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
17	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	broken	break	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	_
20	as	as	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	haki	haki	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
28	as	as	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
29	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	string	string	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
31	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
32	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	moku	moku	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	33	punct	_	_
36	as	as	ADP	IN	_	38	case	_	_
37	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	dish	dish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
39	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	40	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	naha	Naha	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	40	punct	_	_
43	as	as	ADP	IN	_	47	case	_	_
44	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	45	det	_	_
45	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	47	nmod:poss	_	_
46	‘	‘	PART	POS	_	45	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
47	hina	hina	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
49	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **abound** | present | stick |  |  |  |  | hence *property* | vn swarm-47.5.1-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | such appearance |  | in synonyms; which *nsubj* | tree rules |
| 3 | **break** *in a quote* | to-infinitive · passive | stick *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a string; as a dish; as a wall's hina | vn hurt-40.8.3-1-1 «NP V» |
| 4 | **is** | present | a stick |  |  |  |  | as haki | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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