---
title: [1] Hale-a-ka-la must be classed as an active volcano from evidences… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: [1] Hale-a-ka-la must be classed as an active volcano from evidences of prehistoric fires although long extinct, but the author gives these stories in another book, “Legends of Maui.” Who acts: author. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Polynesian Language, sentence 38

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\[1\] Hale-a-ka-la must be classed as an active volcano from evidences of prehistoric fires although long extinct, but the author gives these stories in another book, “Legends of Maui.”

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**Who acts:** author · **What happens:** class, give, evidence · **To what, where:** Hale, stories, book, prehistoric fires

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (author), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:31:38
# text = [1] Hale-a-ka-la must be classed as an active volcano from evidences of prehistoric fires although long extinct, but the author gives these stories in another book, “Legends of Maui.”
1	[	[	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	1	1	NUM	LS	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	13	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	]	]	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Hale	hale	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ka	ka	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	la	la	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
11	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	classed	class	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
14	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	evidences	evidence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	prehistoric	prehistoric	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
23	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	extinct	extinct	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
27	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	author	author	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
31	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	32	det	_	_
32	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obj	_	_
33	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
34	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	35	det	_	_
35	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
37	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	38	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	Legends	legend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	obl	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
40	Maui	Maui	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **class** | must · passive |  | Hale |  |  |  | as a active volcano from evidences of prehistoric fires *goal*; 1 *discourse*; a ka la *nsubj:pass* | vn classify-29.10 «NP V NP PP.goal»: subject=Theme as volcano=Goal |
| 2 | **give** | present | the author | this stories |  | another book |  | Legends of Maui *obl* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Theme |
| 3 | **evidence** |  |  | prehistoric fires |  |  |  |  | nom evidence «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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