---
title: As has been well observed by M. Gaussin, there are three classes of… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: As has been well observed by M. Gaussin, there are three classes of words, corresponding to as many different stages of language: first, those that express sensations; second, images; third, abstract ideas. Who acts: M., that. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Wester
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Polynesian Language, sentence 7

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As has been well observed by M. Gaussin, there are three classes of words, corresponding to as many different stages of language: first, those that express sensations; second, images; third, abstract ideas.

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**Who acts:** M., that · **What happens:** observe, correspond, sensation, be · **To what, where:** images

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Polynesian Language. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (M., that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:31:7
# text = As has been well observed by M. Gaussin, there are three classes of words, corresponding to as many different stages of language: first, those that express sensations; second, images; third, abstract ideas.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	_
5	observed	observe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	M.	M.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
8	Gaussin	Gaussin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
10	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	11	expl	_	_
11	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	35	cop	_	_
12	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	classes	class	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	corresponding	correspond	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	13	conj	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	as	as	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	stages	stage	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
26	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
28	those	that	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	31	det	_	_
29	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	31	nsubj	_	_
30	express	express	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	sensations	sensation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	35	punct	_	_
33	second	second	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	35	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
35	images	image	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	37	punct	_	_
37	third	third	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	35	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	40	punct	_	_
39	abstract	abstract	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	40	amod	_	_
40	ideas	idea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	35	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **observe** | present · perfect · passive | M. |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **correspond** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to many different stages of language; first *property* | vn correspond-36.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sensation** |  | that |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | images |  |  |  | second *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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