---
title: Flames thrusting themselves through cracks in a breaking lava crust… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Flames thrusting themselves through cracks in a breaking lava crust were the fire-spears of Pele’s household of au-makuas or ghost-gods. Who acts: Flames. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, How Pele Came to Hawaii, with its dependency tree and the pragmati
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), How Pele Came to Hawaii, sentence 111

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Flames thrusting themselves through cracks in a breaking lava crust were the fire-spears of Pele’s household of au-makuas or ghost-gods.

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**Who acts:** Flames · **What happens:** thrust, be · **To what, where:** flames, cracks, fire spears

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, How Pele Came to Hawaii. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Flames), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:5:111
# text = Flames thrusting themselves through cracks in a breaking lava crust were the fire-spears of Pele’s household of au-makuas or ghost-gods.
1	Flames	flame	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
2	thrusting	thrust	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	1	acl	_	_
3	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	2	obj	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cracks	crack	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	breaking	breaking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
9	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
11	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	spears	spear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	Pele	Pele	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	’s	's	PART	POS	_	17	case	_	_
19	household	household	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	au	au	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	makuas	makua	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
25	ghost	ghost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **thrust** | gerund | Flames *not said here* | flames *= flame* |  | cracks in a breaking lava crust |  |  | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | past | Flames | the fire spears |  |  |  | of Pele's household of au makuas or ghost gods | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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