---
title: A little hill of lava frozen ages before into a massive breastwork o… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: A little hill of lava frozen ages before into a massive breastwork of black stone standing in the front of this flow of 1907 divided it so that this western branch took its own way to the ocean beach. Who acts: lava, black stone, little hill, western branch. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcan
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Na Puu O Pele, sentence 14

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A little hill of lava frozen ages before into a massive breastwork of black stone standing in the front of this flow of 1907 divided it so that this western branch took its own way to the ocean beach.

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**Who acts:** lava, black stone, little hill, western branch · **What happens:** freeze, stand, divide, take · **To what, where:** ages, front, flow, own way, ocean beach

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Na Puu O Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lava, black stone, little hill, western branch), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:7:14
# text = A little hill of lava frozen ages before into a massive breastwork of black stone standing in the front of this flow of 1907 divided it so that this western branch took its own way to the ocean beach.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	ages	age	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
8	before	before	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	massive	massive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	breastwork	breastwork	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	front	front	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	22	det	_	_
22	flow	flow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	1907	1907	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	22	nmod	_	_
25	divided	divide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obj	_	_
27	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	32	mark	_	_
28	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	27	fixed	_	_
29	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	31	det	_	_
30	western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	branch	branch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
32	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	advcl	_	_
33	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	35	nmod:poss	_	_
34	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
35	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	_
36	to	to	ADP	IN	_	39	case	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
38	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	compound	_	_
39	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | participle | lava *not said here* | ages |  |  | before a massive breastwork of black stone |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **stand** | gerund | black stone *not said here* |  |  | the front of this flow of 1907 |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in front=Location |
| 3 | **divide** | past | a little hill of lava | flow |  |  |  |  | vn multiply-108-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |
| 4 | **take** | past | this western branch | branch's own way |  | the ocean beach |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent way=Theme to beach=Destination |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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