---
title: Puffs of smoke by day and pillars of fire by night marked the course… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Puffs of smoke by day and pillars of fire by night marked the course of this underground channel. Who acts: Puffs, day. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Na Puu O Pele, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Na Puu O Pele, sentence 8

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Puffs of smoke by day and pillars of fire by night marked the course of this underground channel.

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**Who acts:** Puffs, day · **What happens:** mark, puff, smoke · **To what, where:** course, smoke

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Na Puu O Pele. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Puffs, day), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:7:8
# text = Puffs of smoke by day and pillars of fire by night marked the course of this underground channel.
1	Puffs	puff	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	pillars	pillar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
12	marked	mark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	course	course	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	det	_	_
17	underground	underground	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	channel	channel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mark** | past | Puffs of smoke by day and pillars of fire | the course of this underground channel |  |  | night |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent course=Destination |
| 2 | **puff** |  |  | smoke by day and pillars of fire |  |  |  |  | nom puff «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |
| 3 | **smoke** |  | day |  |  |  |  |  | nom smoke «phenomenon intransitive»: by=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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