---
title: These, according to the best theories, were made by immense floods o… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: These, according to the best theories, were made by immense floods of lava pouring down upon large forests of living trees. Who acts: immense floods, lava. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of Puna, with its dependency tree and the pra
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele and the Chiefs of Puna, sentence 28

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These, according to the best theories, were made by immense floods of lava pouring down upon large forests of living trees.

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**Who acts:** immense floods, lava · **What happens:** accord, make, pour down, flood · **To what, where:** best theories

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of Puna. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (immense floods, lava), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:8:28
# text = These, according to the best theories, were made by immense floods of lava pouring down upon large forests of living trees.
1	These	this	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
3	according	accord	VERB	VBG	ExtPos=ADP|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	case	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	3	fixed	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	theories	theory	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	immense	immense	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	floods	flood	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	pouring	pour	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	down	down	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
18	upon	upon	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accord** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **make** | past · passive | immense floods of lava | the best theories  These |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |
| 3 | **pour down** | gerund | lava *not said here* |  |  |  |  | upon large forests of living trees; down *property* | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |
| 4 | **flood** |  | lava |  |  |  |  |  | nom flood «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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