---
title: Lava always cools rapidly on the surface, therefore, as the lava spr… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Lava always cools rapidly on the surface, therefore, as the lava spread out through the forest, very soon there was a great floor of hot black stone pierced by a multitude of trees. Who acts: Lava. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of 
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele and the Chiefs of Puna, sentence 29

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Lava always cools rapidly on the surface, therefore, as the lava spread out through the forest, very soon there was a great floor of hot black stone pierced by a multitude of trees.

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**Who acts:** Lava · **What happens:** cool, spread out, be, pierce · **To what, where:** surface, forest, great floor, hot black stone

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of Puna. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Lava), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:8:29
# text = Lava always cools rapidly on the surface, therefore, as the lava spread out through the forest, very soon there was a great floor of hot black stone pierced by a multitude of trees.
1	Lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	3	advmod	_	_
3	cools	cool	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rapidly	rapidly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	surface	surface	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
15	out	out	ADP	RP	_	14	compound:prt	_	_
16	through	through	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
20	very	very	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	23	advmod	_	_
22	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	23	expl	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	cop	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
25	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	26	amod	_	_
26	floor	floor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
27	of	of	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
28	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
29	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nmod	_	_
31	pierced	pierce	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	30	acl	_	_
32	by	by	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	multitude	multitude	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
35	of	of	ADP	IN	_	36	case	_	_
36	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	34	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cool** | present | Lava |  |  | the surface |  | always, rapidly, therefore *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **spread out** | past | the lava |  |  | the forest |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through forest=Location |
| 3 | **is a** | past |  | a great floor |  |  |  | of hot black stone | tree rules |
| 4 | **pierce** | participle |  | hot black stone *not said here* |  |  |  | by a multitude of trees | vn poke-19-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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