---
title: He challenged the neighboring chiefs to personal contests of many ki… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: He challenged the neighboring chiefs to personal contests of many kinds and almost always was the victor. Who acts: AHI. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of Puna, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele and the Chiefs of Puna, sentence 40

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He challenged the neighboring chiefs to personal contests of many kinds and almost always was the victor.

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**Who acts:** AHI · **What happens:** challenge, neighbor, be, contest · **To what, where:** neighboring chiefs, victor, many kinds

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele and the Chiefs of Puna. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (AHI), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:8:40
# text = He challenged the neighboring chiefs to personal contests of many kinds and almost always was the victor.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	challenged	challenge	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	neighboring	neighbor	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	personal	personal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	contests	contest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	kinds	kind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
13	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	17	advmod	_	_
15	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	victor	victor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **challenge** | past | AHI | the neighboring chiefs |  |  |  | to personal contests of many kinds and the victor | tree rules |
| 2 | **neighbor** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **is a** | past | AHI *not said here* | the victor |  |  |  | always *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **contest** |  |  | many kinds |  |  |  |  | nom contest «event transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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