---
title: Whenever a native came near this tree, he began to search for certai… — Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology) · tree and pragmatics
description: Whenever a native came near this tree, he began to search for certain leaves or fruits which he could lay beneath the tree as an offering before he dared to try to pass beyond. Who acts: native, tree, fruits. A sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele’s Tree,
---

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# Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology), Pele’s Tree, sentence 10

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Whenever a native came near this tree, he began to search for certain leaves or fruits which he could lay beneath the tree as an offering before he dared to try to pass beyond.

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**Who acts:** native, tree, fruits · **What happens:** come, begin, search, lay, dare, try · **To what, where:** tree

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This is a sentence of «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Pele’s Tree. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (native, tree, fruits), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66516:9:10
# text = Whenever a native came near this tree, he began to search for certain leaves or fruits which he could lay beneath the tree as an offering before he dared to try to pass beyond.
1	Whenever	whenever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	4	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	advcl	_	_
5	near	near	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	search	search	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	fruits	fruit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
21	lay	lay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl:relcl	_	_
22	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
25	as	as	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	offering	offering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	_
28	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	30	mark	_	_
29	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj	_	_
30	dared	dare	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	advcl	_	_
31	to	to	PART	TO	_	32	mark	_	_
32	try	try	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	xcomp	_	_
33	to	to	PART	TO	_	34	mark	_	_
34	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	32	xcomp	_	_
35	beyond	beyond	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | a native |  |  | this tree |  | whenever *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme near tree=Location |
| 2 | **begin** | past | tree |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **search** | to-infinitive | tree *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for certain leaves or fruits | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for leaf=Theme |
| 4 | **lay** | could | fruits |  |  |  |  | beneath the tree; as a offering | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as offering=Attribute |
| 5 | **dare** | past | tree |  |  |  |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 6 | **try** | to-infinitive | tree *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 7 | **pass** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | tree *not said here* |  |  |  |  | beyond *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «Hawaiian Legends of Volcanoes (mythology)» by W. D. Westervelt, Project Gutenberg book 66516 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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