---
title: Just before he reached the edge of the timber he crossed a ravine, a… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: Just before he reached the edge of the timber he crossed a ravine, and saw there many skeletons of people who had been killed. Who acts: boy. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Grizzly Bear’s Medicine, with its dependency tree and the 
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Grizzly Bear’s Medicine, sentence 16

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Just before he reached the edge of the timber he crossed a ravine, and saw there many skeletons of people who had been killed.

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**Who acts:** boy · **What happens:** reach, cross, see, kill · **To what, where:** edge, ravine, many skeletons, people

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Grizzly Bear’s Medicine. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:10:16
# text = Just before he reached the edge of the timber he crossed a ravine, and saw there many skeletons of people who had been killed.
1	Just	just	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	reached	reach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	timber	timber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	ravine	ravine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
17	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	16	advmod	_	_
18	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nmod	_	_
22	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
24	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	25	aux:pass	_	_
25	killed	kill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | past | boy | the edge of the timber |  |  |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Agent edge=Theme |
| 2 | **cross** | past | boy | a ravine |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ravine=Patient |
| 3 | **see** | past | boy *not said here* | many skeletons of people |  | there |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer skeleton=Stimulus |
| 4 | **kill** | past · perfect · passive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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