---
title: In ancient times, before horses had come from the south and been tau… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: In ancient times, before horses had come from the south and been taught to bear burdens, the people did not move camp often, but remained in one place so long as sufficient game could be found to furnish food. Who acts: people, sufficient game. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other 
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In ancient times, before horses had come from the south and been taught to bear burdens, the people did not move camp often, but remained in one place so long as sufficient game could be found to furnish food.

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**Who acts:** people, sufficient game · **What happens:** come, teach, bear, not move, remain, find · **To what, where:** south, burdens, camp, one place, sufficient game, food

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people, sufficient game), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:12:1
# text = In ancient times, before horses had come from the south and been taught to bear burdens, the people did not move camp often, but remained in one place so long as sufficient game could be found to furnish food.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	before	before	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
7	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	come	come	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	south	south	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	14	aux:pass	_	_
14	taught	teach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	bear	bear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	_
17	burdens	burden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
21	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
23	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	parataxis	_	_
24	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	_
25	often	often	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
28	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
31	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl	_	_
32	so	so	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
33	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	28	advmod	_	_
34	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	39	mark	_	_
35	sufficient	sufficient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	36	amod	_	_
36	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	39	nsubj:pass	_	_
37	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	39	aux	_	_
38	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	39	aux:pass	_	_
39	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	33	advcl	_	_
40	to	to	PART	TO	_	41	mark	_	_
41	furnish	furnish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	39	xcomp	_	_
42	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	41	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
43	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past · perfect |  |  |  | the south | before horses; time |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from south=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **teach** *speech: other* | participle · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: clause=Topic |
| 3 | **bear** | to-infinitive |  | burdens |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent burden=Patient |
| 4 | **not** **move** | past · do-support | the people | camp |  |  |  | often *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent camp=Theme |
| 5 | **remain** | past |  |  |  | one place |  | long *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location |
| 6 | **find** | could · passive |  | sufficient game |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 7 | **furnish** | to-infinitive | sufficient game *not said here* | food |  |  |  |  | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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