---
title: The summer passed, the leaves began to fall, and with the approach o… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: The summer passed, the leaves began to fall, and with the approach of winter the great herds of buffalo slowly grazed out on the plains, and finally disappeared to the eastward. Who acts: summer, leaves, great herds, winter. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by G
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 4

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The summer passed, the leaves began to fall, and with the approach of winter the great herds of buffalo slowly grazed out on the plains, and finally disappeared to the eastward.

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**Who acts:** summer, leaves, great herds, winter · **What happens:** pass, begin, fall, graze out, disappear, approach

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (summer, leaves, great herds, winter), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:12:4
# text = The summer passed, the leaves began to fall, and with the approach of winter the great herds of buffalo slowly grazed out on the plains, and finally disappeared to the eastward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	fall	fall	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	approach	approach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	herds	herd	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nsubj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	buffalo	buffalo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
22	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	grazed	graze	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
24	out	out	ADP	RP	_	23	compound:prt	_	_
25	on	on	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	finally	finally	ADV	RB	_	31	advmod	_	_
31	disappeared	disappear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
32	to	to	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	eastward	eastward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pass** | past | the summer |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **begin** | past | the leaves |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **fall** | to-infinitive | the leaves *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **graze out** | past | the great herds of buffalo |  |  |  |  | with the approach of winter; on the plains; slowly *property* | vn dine-39.5 «NP V PP.patient»: agent=Agent on plain=Patient |
| 5 | **disappear** | past | the summer *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the eastward; finally *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **approach** |  | winter |  |  |  |  |  | nom approach «act intransitive»: of=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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