---
title: Evening came; the sun had gone down, and the shadow of night covered… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: Evening came; the sun had gone down, and the shadow of night covered the valley, when again thunder was heard, this time far away at first, and then coming nearer. Who acts: Evening, sun, shadow. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder 
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 62

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Evening came; the sun had gone down, and the shadow of night covered the valley, when again thunder was heard, this time far away at first, and then coming nearer.

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**Who acts:** Evening, sun, shadow · **What happens:** come, go down, cover, hear, shadow · **To what, where:** valley, thunder, night

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Evening, sun, shadow), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:12:62
# text = Evening came; the sun had gone down, and the shadow of night covered the valley, when again thunder was heard, this time far away at first, and then coming nearer.
1	Evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
15	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	23	advmod	_	_
20	again	again	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nsubj	_	_
22	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
23	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	26	det	_	_
26	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obl:unmarked	_	_
27	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	28	advmod	_	_
28	away	away	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
29	at	at	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	28	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
32	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
33	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	34	advmod	_	_
34	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
35	nearer	near	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	34	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Evening |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **go down** | past · perfect | the sun |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **cover** | past | the shadow of night | the valley |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme valley=Destination |
| 4 | **hear** | past · passive |  | thunder |  |  |  | away *property* | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: subject=Stimulus |
| 5 | **come** | gerund | Evening *not said here* |  |  |  | then | near *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **shadow** |  |  | night |  |  |  |  | nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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