---
title: He said to the chiefs: “Come, now, the buffalo have gone; they are o… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: He said to the chiefs: “Come, now, the buffalo have gone; they are our food; let us too move away from the mountains and follow them.” Who acts: last, buffalo, chiefs. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, with i
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker, sentence 7

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He said to the chiefs: “Come, now, the buffalo have gone; they are our food; let us too move away from the mountains and follow them.”

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**Who acts:** last, buffalo, chiefs · **What happens:** say, come, go, be, let, move away · **To what, where:** chiefs, food, us · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Thunder Maker and Cold Maker. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (last, buffalo, chiefs), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:12:7
# text = He said to the chiefs: “Come, now, the buffalo have gone; they are our food; let us too move away from the mountains and follow them.”
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	chiefs	chief	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	Come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	buffalo	buffalo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
14	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
17	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
18	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
19	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
20	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	22	punct	_	_
22	let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
23	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	too	too	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	move	move	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	advcl	_	_
26	away	away	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obl	_	_
30	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
31	follow	follow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	conj	_	_
32	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | last |  | the chiefs |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to chief=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** *in a quote* | infinitive | last *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **go** *in a quote* | present · perfect | the buffalo |  |  |  | now |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | chiefs *= chief* | our food |  |  |  | our *nmod:poss* | tree rules |
| 5 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |
| 6 | **move away** *in a quote* | present |  |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **follow** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | chiefs *= chief* |  |  |  |  | vn chase-51.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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