---
title: “Friend,” he said to his guest, “this morning, when all was still, I… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: “Friend,” he said to his guest, “this morning, when all was still, I heard a whitehead sounding its cry as it circled around above us. Who acts: Í, all, whitehead, opportunity. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk,
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk, sentence 68

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“Friend,” he said to his guest, “this morning, when all was still, I heard a whitehead sounding its cry as it circled around above us.

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**Who acts:** Í, all, whitehead, opportunity · **What happens:** say, be, hear, sound, circle around, cry · **To what, where:** guest, whitehead, cry · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Blindness of Pi-waṕ-ōk. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Í, all, whitehead, opportunity), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:13:68
# text = “Friend,” he said to his guest, “this morning, when all was still, I heard a whitehead sounding its cry as it circled around above us.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	guest	guest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	13	det	_	_
13	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
15	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	18	mark	_	_
16	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	18	nsubj	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	cop	_	_
18	still	still	ADV	RB	_	21	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
20	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	whitehead	whitehead	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obj	_	_
24	sounding	sound	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
25	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	cry	cry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	_
27	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
28	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	29	nsubj	_	_
29	circled	circle	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	advcl	_	_
30	around	around	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
31	above	above	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Í *= í* |  | Í's guest |  |  | Friend *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to guest=Recipient |
| 2 | **is** *in a quote* | past | all |  |  |  |  | still *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **hear** *in a quote* | past | Í *= í* | a whitehead |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer whitehead=Stimulus |
| 4 | **sound** *in a quote* | gerund | a whitehead *not said here* | opportunity's cry |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location cry=Theme |
| 5 | **circle around** *in a quote* | past | opportunity |  |  |  |  | above us; around *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **cry** *in a quote* |  | opportunity |  |  |  |  |  | nom cry «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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