---
title: But when the dream helper had spoken to him in his sleep, and had to… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: But when the dream helper had spoken to him in his sleep, and had told him that he need not be afraid of his enemies, and had smoked with him, it had said further: Who acts: helper, enemy. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head, wi
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 11

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
But when the dream helper had spoken to him in his sleep, and had told him that he need not be afraid of his enemies, and had smoked with him, it had said further:

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**Who acts:** helper, enemy · **What happens:** speak, tell, not be, smoke, say, sleep · **To what, where:** dream helper, man, sleep, helper · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (helper, enemy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:14:11
# text = But when the dream helper had spoken to him in his sleep, and had told him that he need not be afraid of his enemies, and had smoked with him, it had said further:
1	But	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
2	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	7	mark	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	dream	dream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	helper	helper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	sleep	sleep	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
15	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
16	told	tell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
17	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	iobj	_	_
18	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
19	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
20	need	need	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
21	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
22	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	cop	_	_
23	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	advcl	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
29	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
30	smoked	smoke	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	16	conj	_	_
31	with	with	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	36	punct	_	_
34	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	36	nsubj	_	_
35	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	36	aux	_	_
36	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	30	conj	_	_
37	further	further	ADV	RB	_	36	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past · perfect · passive |  | the dream helper | man | helper's sleep |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past · perfect |  |  | helper |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient |
| 3 | **not** **is** | present | helper |  |  |  |  | of helper's enemies; afraid *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **smoke** | past · perfect |  |  |  |  |  | with helper | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with he=Instrument |
| 5 | **say** *speech: assert* | past · perfect | enemy |  |  |  |  | further *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 6 | **sleep** |  | helper |  |  |  |  |  | nom sleep «state intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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