---
title: On foot they made their way along the lower hills, climbed up throug… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: On foot they made their way along the lower hills, climbed up through the narrow pass, and at length stood on the top of the mountain range, from which they could look out over the lower country to the west. Who acts: streams. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 32

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On foot they made their way along the lower hills, climbed up through the narrow pass, and at length stood on the top of the mountain range, from which they could look out over the lower country to the west.

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**Who acts:** streams · **What happens:** make, climb up, stand, look out · **To what, where:** way, foot, narrow pass, length, lower country

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (streams), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:14:32
# text = On foot they made their way along the lower hills, climbed up through the narrow pass, and at length stood on the top of the mountain range, from which they could look out over the lower country to the west.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	along	along	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	climbed	climb	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
13	up	up	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	through	through	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	pass	pass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	at	at	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	length	length	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
22	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
23	on	on	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	compound	_	_
29	range	range	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
31	from	from	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	35	obl	_	_
33	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	35	nsubj	_	_
34	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	35	aux	_	_
35	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	conj	_	_
36	out	out	ADP	RP	_	35	compound:prt	_	_
37	over	over	ADP	IN	_	40	case	_	_
38	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	40	det	_	_
39	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	40	amod	_	_
40	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	obl	_	_
41	to	to	ADP	IN	_	43	case	_	_
42	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	43	det	_	_
43	west	west	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	40	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
44	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | streams *= stream* | streams's way |  | foot |  | along the lower hills | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset way=Product |
| 2 | **climb up** | past |  |  |  | the narrow pass |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through pass=Trajectory |
| 3 | **stand** | past | streams *= stream* *not said here* |  |  | length |  | on the top of the mountain range | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent at length=Location |
| 4 | **look out** | could | streams *= stream* |  |  | the lower country to the west |  | which *obl* | vn caring-75.2-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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