---
title: There, in the wide gray plain before them, they could trace the wind… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: There, in the wide gray plain before them, they could trace the winding courses of many streams, and from some of them rose smokes which showed that people were camped there, and they knew that these people were their enemies. Who acts: plains, some, smokes, streams. A sentence of «The Punishment of
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Ragged Head, sentence 33

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There, in the wide gray plain before them, they could trace the winding courses of many streams, and from some of them rose smokes which showed that people were camped there, and they knew that these people were their enemies.

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**Who acts:** plains, some, smokes, streams, people · **What happens:** trace, rise, show, camp, know, be · **To what, where:** winding courses, smokes, people, enemies, There · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Ragged Head. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (plains, some, smokes, streams), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:14:33
# text = There, in the wide gray plain before them, they could trace the winding courses of many streams, and from some of them rose smokes which showed that people were camped there, and they knew that these people were their enemies.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	wide	wide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	gray	gray	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	plain	plain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
8	before	before	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	trace	trace	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	parataxis	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	winding	winding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	courses	course	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	streams	stream	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
22	from	from	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	26	nsubj	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nmod	_	_
26	rose	rise	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	parataxis	_	_
27	smokes	smoke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	obj	_	_
28	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	29	nsubj	_	_
29	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	27	acl:relcl	_	_
30	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	33	mark	_	_
31	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
32	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	33	aux:pass	_	_
33	camped	camp	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	ccomp	_	_
34	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	33	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
37	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj	_	_
38	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	26	conj	_	_
39	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	44	mark	_	_
40	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	41	det	_	_
41	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	44	nsubj	_	_
42	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	44	cop	_	_
43	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	44	nmod:poss	_	_
44	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **trace** | could | plains *= plain* | the winding courses of many streams |  |  | before plains *= plain* |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent course=Theme |
| 2 | **rise** | past | some of streams | smokes |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location smoke=Theme |
| 3 | **show** | past | smokes |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **camp** | past · passive |  | people |  | there |  |  | vn odge-46-1 «NP V ADV»: subject=Location |
| 5 | **know** | past | streams *= stream* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is a** | past | this people | streams's enemies |  |  |  | streams *= stream* *nmod:poss* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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