---
title: Up to that time ravens had always been white, but ever since the smo… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: Up to that time ravens had always been white, but ever since the smoking that this raven got they have been black. Who acts: time ravens, raven, children. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Nothing Child, with its dependency tree and the p
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Nothing Child, sentence 185

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Up to that time ravens had always been white, but ever since the smoking that this raven got they have been black.

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**Who acts:** time ravens, raven, children · **What happens:** be, get

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Nothing Child. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (time ravens, raven, children), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:15:185
# text = Up to that time ravens had always been white, but ever since the smoking that this raven got they have been black.
1	Up	up	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj	_	_
4	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	ravens	raven	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
7	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	9	advmod	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	cop	_	_
9	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	ever	ever	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	15	advmod	_	_
13	since	since	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	smoking	smoking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	parataxis	_	_
16	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	18	det	_	_
18	raven	raven	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
20	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
21	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
22	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	23	cop	_	_
23	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past · perfect | time ravens  that |  |  |  |  | the smoking *parataxis*; always, white *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | this raven |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **is** | present · perfect | children *= child* |  |  |  |  | black *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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