---
title: Then all who were standing by were astonished, but they said, “It mu… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: Then all who were standing by were astonished, but they said, “It must have been a chance shot.” Who acts: all, arrows, eagle. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Nothing Child, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Nothing Child, sentence 91

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Then all who were standing by were astonished, but they said, “It must have been a chance shot.”

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**Who acts:** all, arrows, eagle · **What happens:** stand, be, say · **To what, where:** chance shot · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Nothing Child. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (all, arrows, eagle), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:15:91
# text = Then all who were standing by were astonished, but they said, “It must have been a chance shot.”
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	astonished	astonished	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
14	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
16	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	21	aux	_	_
17	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	aux	_	_
18	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	21	cop	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	shot	shot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past · progressive | all |  |  |  | then | who *nsubj* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  |  | astonished *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | arrows *= arrow* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is a** *in a quote* | must · perfect | eagle | a chance shot |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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