---
title: In ancient times, long before the people had found horses and used t… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: In ancient times, long before the people had found horses and used them instead of dogs to bear burdens and drag lodge poles, there lived Man-yan—New Robe—an orphan. Who acts: people. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Beaver Stick, wi
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Beaver Stick, sentence 1

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In ancient times, long before the people had found horses and used them instead of dogs to bear burdens and drag lodge poles, there lived Man-yan—New Robe—an orphan.

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**Who acts:** people · **What happens:** find, use, bear, drag, live · **To what, where:** horses, burdens, lodge poles, Man yan

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Beaver Stick. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (people), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:17:1
# text = In ancient times, long before the people had found horses and used them instead of dogs to bear burdens and drag lodge poles, there lived Man-yan—New Robe—an orphan.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	_
6	before	before	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
9	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
11	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
14	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	17	case	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	fixed	_	_
17	dogs	dog	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	bear	bear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	advcl	_	_
20	burdens	burden	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	drag	drag	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	conj	_	_
23	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	poles	pole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	there	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	27	expl	_	_
27	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
28	Man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	yan	yan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	33	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	New	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	Robe	Robe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	36	det	_	_
36	orphan	orphan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past · perfect | the people | horses |  |  | time |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent horse=Topic |
| 2 | **use** | past | the people *not said here* | horses *= horse* |  |  |  | instead dogs | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Patient |
| 3 | **bear** | to-infinitive | the people *not said here* | burdens |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent burden=Patient |
| 4 | **drag** | infinitive | the people *not said here* | lodge poles |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pole=Theme |
| 5 | **live** | past | the people *not said here* | Man yan and a orphan |  | there |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme yan=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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