---
title: “O-e-ai!” the old man exclaimed, in a surprised and pained tone. — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: “O-e-ai!” the old man exclaimed, in a surprised and pained tone. Who acts: O e, ai. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Beaver Stick, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Beaver Stick, sentence 108

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“O-e-ai!” the old man exclaimed, in a surprised and pained tone.

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**Who acts:** O e, ai · **What happens:** ai, exclaim, surprise, pain · **To what, where:** surprised tone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Beaver Stick. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (O e, ai), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:17:108
# text = “O-e-ai!” the old man exclaimed, in a surprised and pained tone.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	O	o	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	e	e	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	ai	ai	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	exclaimed	exclaim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
16	surprised	surprise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	pained	pain	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	_
19	tone	tone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ai** *in a quote* |  | O e |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **exclaim** *speech: express* | past | ai |  |  | a surprised tone |  | the old man *nsubj* | vn say-37.7-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **surprise** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **pain** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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