---
title: It was a very hot day, and all around the skin lodge-covering had be… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: It was a very hot day, and all around the skin lodge-covering had been raised to allow the cool breeze to pass beneath it, so the prisoners could see all that was happening without. Who acts: lodge, prisoners, that. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bir
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 39

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was a very hot day, and all around the skin lodge-covering had been raised to allow the cool breeze to pass beneath it, so the prisoners could see all that was happening without.

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lodge, prisoners, that · **What happens:** be, raise, allow, pass, see, happen · **To what, where:** hot day, skin lodge covering, cool breeze, lodge · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (lodge, prisoners, that), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:18:39
# text = It was a very hot day, and all around the skin lodge-covering had been raised to allow the cool breeze to pass beneath it, so the prisoners could see all that was happening without.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
9	all	all	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
10	around	around	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
12	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
13	lodge	lodge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	raised	raise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	parataxis	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	allow	allow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	advcl	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	cool	cool	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	breeze	breeze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	pass	pass	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	acl	_	_
26	beneath	beneath	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
29	so	so	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	prisoners	prisoner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
32	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	33	aux	_	_
33	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	_
34	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	37	det:predet	_	_
35	that	that	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	37	nsubj	_	_
36	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	happening	happen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	33	ccomp	_	_
38	without	without	ADP	IN	_	37	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | lodge | a hot day |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **raise** | past · perfect · passive |  |  |  | the skin lodge covering |  | all *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: around covering=Destination |
| 3 | **allow** | to-infinitive |  | the cool breeze |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent breeze=Beneficiary |
| 4 | **pass** | to-infinitive |  | the cool breeze *not said here* |  | lodge |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme beneath it=Location |
| 5 | **see** | could | the prisoners |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 6 | **happen** | past · progressive | that |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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