---
title: The sky was overcast, and presently heavy rain, with thunder and lig… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: The sky was overcast, and presently heavy rain, with thunder and lightning, came up, but she walked swiftly, steadily on, not knowing nor caring whither, so long as it was away from her enemies. Who acts: captive, sky. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George 
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 81

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The sky was overcast, and presently heavy rain, with thunder and lightning, came up, but she walked swiftly, steadily on, not knowing nor caring whither, so long as it was away from her enemies.

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**Who acts:** captive, sky · **What happens:** overcast, come up, walk, not know, care, be · **To what, where:** sky, enemies

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (captive, sky), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:18:81
# text = The sky was overcast, and presently heavy rain, with thunder and lightning, came up, but she walked swiftly, steadily on, not knowing nor caring whither, so long as it was away from her enemies.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	overcast	overcast	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	presently	presently	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	thunder	thunder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	lightning	lightning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
17	up	up	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
21	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
22	swiftly	swiftly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	steadily	steadily	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	on	on	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
27	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	28	advmod	_	_
28	knowing	know	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	advcl	_	_
29	nor	nor	CCONJ	CC	Polarity=Neg	30	cc	_	_
30	caring	care	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	28	conj	_	_
31	whither	whither	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	34	punct	_	_
33	so	so	ADV	RB	_	34	advmod	_	_
34	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	28	advmod	_	_
35	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	38	mark	_	_
36	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	38	nsubj	_	_
37	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	38	cop	_	_
38	away	away	ADV	RB	_	34	advcl	_	_
39	from	from	ADP	IN	_	41	case	_	_
40	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	41	nmod:poss	_	_
41	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
42	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **overcast** | past · passive |  | the sky |  |  |  | heavy rain *obl*; thunder and lightning *parataxis* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: subject=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **come up** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **walk** | past | captive |  |  |  |  | swiftly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **know** | gerund | captive *not said here* |  |  |  |  | long *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **care** | gerund | captive *not said here* |  |  |  |  | whither *property* | vn care-88.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 6 | **is** | past | sky |  |  | captive's enemies |  | away *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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