---
title: She crouched in the shadow of a bowlder, and heard horsemen go by on… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: She crouched in the shadow of a bowlder, and heard horsemen go by on either side. Who acts: captive, horsemen. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Little Friend Coyote, sentence 83

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She crouched in the shadow of a bowlder, and heard horsemen go by on either side.

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**Who acts:** captive, horsemen · **What happens:** crouch, hear, go, shadow · **To what, where:** shadow, bowlder · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Little Friend Coyote. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (captive, horsemen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:18:83
# text = She crouched in the shadow of a bowlder, and heard horsemen go by on either side.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	crouched	crouch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shadow	shadow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	bowlder	bowlder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	horsemen	horseman	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	ccomp	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	either	either	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	17	det	_	_
17	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **crouch** | past | captive |  |  | the shadow of a bowlder |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in shadow=Location |
| 2 | **hear** | past | captive *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **go** | present | horsemen |  |  |  |  | by either side | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme by side=Location |
| 4 | **shadow** |  |  | a bowlder |  |  |  |  | nom shadow «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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