---
title: They were old and full of holes, and partly grown over with moss. — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: They were old and full of holes, and partly grown over with moss. Who acts: ghosts. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Bluejay Visits the Ghosts, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, Bluejay Visits the Ghosts, sentence 82

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They were old and full of holes, and partly grown over with moss.

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**Who acts:** ghosts · **What happens:** be, grow over

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Bluejay Visits the Ghosts. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ghosts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:6:82
# text = They were old and full of holes, and partly grown over with moss.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	holes	hole	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	grown	grow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
12	over	over	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	moss	moss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | ghosts *= ghost* |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | ghosts *= ghost* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | of holes | tree rules |
| 3 | **grow over** | participle | ghosts *= ghost* *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with moss; over, partly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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