---
title: All at once the boys saw a cloud rising and coming towards them, and… — The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian S… · tree and pragmatics
description: All at once the boys saw a cloud rising and coming towards them, and pretty soon it began to rain where the snakes were, and the water got so deep that the snakes were swimming, but where the boys were it did not rain. Who acts: boys, cloud, water, snakes. A sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy
---

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# The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories, The Star Boy, sentence 101

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All at once the boys saw a cloud rising and coming towards them, and pretty soon it began to rain where the snakes were, and the water got so deep that the snakes were swimming, but where the boys were it did not rain.

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**Who acts:** boys, cloud, water, snakes · **What happens:** see, rise, come, begin, be, swim · **To what, where:** cloud, rain, snakes

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This is a sentence of «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, The Star Boy. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (boys, cloud, water, snakes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66596:9:101
# text = All at once the boys saw a cloud rising and coming towards them, and pretty soon it began to rain where the snakes were, and the water got so deep that the snakes were swimming, but where the boys were it did not rain.
1	All	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	advmod	_	_
2	at	at	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
3	once	once	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	rising	rise	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	conj	_	_
12	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	pretty	pretty	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	19	advmod	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	xcomp	_	_
22	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	21	advmod	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	snakes	snake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
25	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	30	cop	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
27	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	acl	_	_
31	so	so	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
32	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	xcomp	_	_
33	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	37	mark	_	_
34	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	35	det	_	_
35	snakes	snake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	37	nsubj	_	_
36	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	37	aux	_	_
37	swimming	swim	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	32	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	47	punct	_	_
39	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	47	cc	_	_
40	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	47	advmod	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	boys	boy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	47	nsubj	_	_
43	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	47	cop	_	_
44	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	47	nsubj	_	_
45	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	47	aux	_	_
46	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	47	advmod	_	_
47	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
48	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the boys | a cloud |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer cloud=Stimulus |
| 2 | **rise** | gerund | a cloud *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **come** | gerund | a cloud *not said here* |  |  |  |  | towards snakes *= snake* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards they=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **begin** | past | cloud | rain |  |  |  | soon *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 5 | **is** | past | the water | the snakes *not said here* |  |  |  | deep, get *property* | tree rules |
| 6 | **swim** | past · progressive | the snakes |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **not** **is a** | past · do-support | the boys | rain |  |  |  | it *nsubj* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Punishment of the Stingy, and Other Indian Stories» by George Bird Grinnell, Project Gutenberg book 66596 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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