---
title: Then he spoke to his own heart and said, “Why am I so cowardly—I who… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: Then he spoke to his own heart and said, “Why am I so cowardly—I who have hitherto feared nothing under the sun? Who acts: Ilmarinen. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Homesick Hero, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Homesick Hero, sentence 14

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Then he spoke to his own heart and said, “Why am I so cowardly—I who have hitherto feared nothing under the sun?

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**Who acts:** Ilmarinen · **What happens:** speak, say, be, fear · **To what, where:** Ilmarinen · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Homesick Hero. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Ilmarinen), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:12:14
# text = Then he spoke to his own heart and said, “Why am I so cowardly—I who have hitherto feared nothing under the sun?
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
11	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	Why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	16	advmod	_	_
13	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	so	so	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	cowardly	cowardly	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
19	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	22	nsubj:pass	_	_
20	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	hitherto	hitherto	ADV	RB	_	22	advmod	_	_
22	feared	fear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	amod	_	_
23	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	9	ccomp	_	_
24	under	under	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | Ilmarinen |  |  |  | then | to Ilmarinen's own heart | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to heart=Co-Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: ask* | past | Ilmarinen *not said here* |  |  |  |  | nothing under the sun *ccomp* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Ilmarinen |  |  |  |  | cowardly *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **fear** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | Ilmarinen |  |  |  | who *nsubj:pass*; hitherto *property* | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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