---
title: To each slender sapling and to every beast and bird he said, “Good-m… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: To each slender sapling and to every beast and bird he said, “Good-morning!” and every bird and beast and growing tree returned the salutation. Who acts: Sampsa, bird. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Unfinished Boat, with its dependency tree and the pr
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Unfinished Boat, sentence 56

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To each slender sapling and to every beast and bird he said, “Good-morning!” and every bird and beast and growing tree returned the salutation.

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**Who acts:** Sampsa, bird · **What happens:** say, grow, return · **To what, where:** slender sapling, salutation · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Unfinished Boat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Sampsa, bird), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:13:56
# text = To each slender sapling and to every beast and bird he said, “Good-morning!” and every bird and beast and growing tree returned the salutation.
1	To	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
3	slender	slender	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	sapling	sapling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	8	det	_	_
8	beast	beast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
21	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	22	det	_	_
22	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nsubj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	beast	beast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
26	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	27	amod	_	_
27	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	_
28	returned	return	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	12	conj	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
30	salutation	salutation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Sampsa |  | each slender sapling and every beast and bird |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V PP.recipient S-Quote»: agent=Agent to sapling=Recipient |
| 2 | **grow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **return** | past | every bird and beast and growing tree | the salutation |  |  |  |  | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent salutation=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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