---
title: The tree trembled and every leaf upon it quivered when he held befor… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: The tree trembled and every leaf upon it quivered when he held before it his sharp-edged axe with golden poll and copper handle. Who acts: tree, Sampsa. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Unfinished Boat, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of eve
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Unfinished Boat, sentence 58

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The tree trembled and every leaf upon it quivered when he held before it his sharp-edged axe with golden poll and copper handle.

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**Who acts:** tree, Sampsa · **What happens:** tremble, quiver, hold, edge · **To what, where:** tree, sharp edged axe, leaf

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Unfinished Boat. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (tree, Sampsa), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:13:58
# text = The tree trembled and every leaf upon it quivered when he held before it his sharp-edged axe with golden poll and copper handle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	trembled	tremble	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	upon	upon	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	quivered	quiver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
13	before	before	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	_
15	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
16	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	edged	edge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	amod	_	_
19	axe	axe	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	poll	poll	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	copper	copper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	compound	_	_
25	handle	handle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tremble** | participle |  | the tree and every leaf *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **quiver** | past | the tree and every leaf |  |  |  |  | leaf *nsubj* | vn body\_internal\_states-40.6 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **hold** | past | Sampsa | Sampsa's sharp edged axe |  | leaf |  | with golden poll and copper handle | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent axe=Theme before it=Location |
| 4 | **edge** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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