---
title: “I am old,” he said, “and many are the perils I have faced and many… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: “I am old,” he said, “and many are the perils I have faced and many the dangers I have escaped. Who acts: Minstrel. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Land of Tuonela, with its dependency tree and the pragmatics of every clause.
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Land of Tuonela, sentence 111

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“I am old,” he said, “and many are the perils I have faced and many the dangers I have escaped.

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**Who acts:** Minstrel · **What happens:** be, say, face, escape · **To what, where:** many perils, many dangers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Land of Tuonela. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Minstrel), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:14:111
# text = “I am old,” he said, “and many are the perils I have faced and many the dangers I have escaped.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
3	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
10	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
13	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	perils	peril	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
18	faced	face	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	ccomp	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
20	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	dangers	danger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj:pass	_	_
23	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
24	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	aux	_	_
25	escaped	escape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | Minstrel |  |  |  |  | old *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Minstrel |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **is a** *in a quote* | present |  | the many perils |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **face** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | the many perils |  |  |  | I *nsubj:pass* | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Destination |
| 5 | **escape** *in a quote* | present · perfect · passive |  | the many dangers |  |  |  | I *nsubj* | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Initial\_Location |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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