---
title: Dark were the forests through which he passed; broad and deep were t… — The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North · tree and pragmatics
description: Dark were the forests through which he passed; broad and deep were the rivers which he crossed; high and rugged were the mountains which reared themselves before him. Who acts: E, Dark forests, mountains. A sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Land of Tuonela
---

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# The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North, The Land of Tuonela, sentence 16

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark were the forests through which he passed; broad and deep were the rivers which he crossed; high and rugged were the mountains which reared themselves before him.

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**Who acts:** E, Dark forests, mountains · **What happens:** be, pass, cross, rug, rear · **To what, where:** Dark forests, broad rivers, mountains, forests

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This is a sentence of «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, The Land of Tuonela. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (E, Dark forests, mountains), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = book:pg66819:14:16
# text = Dark were the forests through which he passed; broad and deep were the rivers which he crossed; high and rugged were the mountains which reared themselves before him.
1	Dark	Dark	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	forests	forest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nsubj	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obl	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	passed	pass	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
10	broad	broad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	conj	_	_
13	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
16	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	obj	_	_
17	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
18	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	advcl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	rugged	rug	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
23	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
26	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	27	nsubj	_	_
27	reared	rear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	acl:relcl	_	_
28	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	27	obj	_	_
29	before	before	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	25	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past |  | the Dark forests and the broad rivers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | past | E |  |  | the Dark forests and the broad rivers |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme through which=Location |
| 3 | **is a** | past |  | the broad rivers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **cross** | past | E | the broad rivers |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent which=Patient |
| 5 | **rug** | past | E *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **is a** | past | the Dark forests and the broad rivers | the mountains |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 7 | **rear** | past | the mountains | forests *= forest* |  |  | before E |  | vn rear-26.2.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent themselves=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** «The Sampo: A Wonder Tale of the Old North» by James Baldwin, Project Gutenberg book 66819 (public domain in the USA). **Tree:** Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the chapter read in order.

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